M. Yamamoto, T. Yamaguchi, M. Yamauchi, H. Kaji, and T. Sugimoto, Diabetic patients have an increased risk of vertebral fractures independent of BMD or diabetic complications, J Bone Miner Res, vol.24, issue.4, pp.702-711, 2009.

M. Yamamoto, Insights into bone fragility in diabetes: the crucial role of bone quality on skeletal strength, Endocr J, vol.62, issue.4, pp.299-308, 2015.

M. Yamamoto and T. Sugimoto, Advanced glycation end products, diabetes, and bone strength, Curr Osteoporos Rep, vol.14, issue.6, pp.320-326, 2016.

L. Karim and M. L. Bouxsein, Effect of type 2 diabetes-related non-enzymatic glycation on bone biomechanical properties, Bone, vol.82, pp.21-28, 2016.

N. Napoli, M. Chandran, D. D. Pierroz, B. Abrahamsen, A. V. Schwartz et al., Mechanisms of diabetes mellitus-induced bone fragility, Nat Rev Endocrinol, vol.13, issue.4, pp.208-227, 2017.

L. L. Baggio and D. J. Drucker, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors in the brain: controlling food intake and body weight, J Clin Invest, vol.124, issue.10, pp.4223-4229, 2014.

B. Nuche-berenguer, D. Lozano, I. Gutierrez-rojas, P. Moreno, M. L. Marinoso et al., GLP-1 and exendin-4 can reverse hyperlipidic-related osteopenia, J Endocrinol, vol.209, issue.2, pp.203-213, 2011.

B. Nuche-berenguer, P. Moreno, S. Portal-nunez, S. Dapia, P. Esbrit et al., Exendin-4 exerts osteogenic actions in insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic states, Regul Pept, issue.1-3, pp.61-67, 2010.

J. Y. Kim, S. K. Lee, K. J. Jo, D. Y. Song, D. M. Lim et al., Exendin-4 increases bone mineral density in type 2 diabetic OLETF rats potentially through the down-regulation of SOST/sclerostin in osteocytes, Life Sci, vol.92, issue.10, pp.533-573, 2013.

H. X. Sun, N. Lu, X. Luo, L. Zhao, and J. M. Liu, Liraglutide, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has anabolic bone effects in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats, J Diabetes, vol.7, issue.4, pp.584-592, 2015.

X. Ma, J. Meng, M. Jia, L. Bi, Y. Zhou et al., Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, prevents osteopenia by promoting bone formation and suppressing bone resorption in aged ovariectomized rats, J Bone Miner Res, vol.28, issue.7, pp.1641-52, 2013.

G. Mabilleau, A. Mieczkowska, N. Irwin, P. R. Flatt, and D. Chappard, Optimal bone mechanical and material properties require a functional glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, J Endocrinol, vol.219, issue.1, pp.59-68, 2013.

A. Mieczkowska, S. Mansur, B. Bouvard, P. R. Flatt, B. Thorens et al., Double incretin receptor knock-out (DIRKO) mice present with alterations of trabecular and cortical micromorphology and bone strength, Osteoporos Int, vol.26, issue.1, pp.209-227, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392271

M. Pereira, J. Jeyabalan, C. S. Jorgensen, M. Hopkinson, A. et al., Chronic administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improves trabecular bone mass and architecture in ovariectomised mice, Bone, vol.81, pp.459-67, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01567148

M. Marenzana and T. R. Arnett, The key role of the blood supply to bone, Bone Res, vol.1, issue.3, pp.203-218, 2013.

C. Lu, E. Hansen, A. Sapozhnikova, D. Hu, T. Miclau et al., Effect of age on vascularization during fracture repair, J Orthop Res, vol.26, issue.10, pp.1384-1393, 2008.

J. F. Griffith, Y. X. Wang, H. Zhou, W. H. Kwong, W. T. Wong et al., Reduced bone perfusion in osteoporosis: likely causes in an ovariectomy rat model, Radiology, vol.254, issue.3, pp.739-785, 2010.

C. G. Schalkwijk and C. D. Stehouwer, Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus: the role of endothelial dysfunction, Clin Sci, vol.109, issue.2, pp.143-59, 2005.

T. Okerson and R. J. Chilton, The cardiovascular effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists, Cardiovasc Ther, vol.30, issue.3, pp.146-55, 2012.

T. Nystrom, M. K. Gutniak, Q. Zhang, F. Zhang, J. J. Holst et al., Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, vol.287, issue.6, pp.1209-1224, 2004.

K. Ban, M. H. Noyan-ashraf, J. Hoefer, S. S. Bolz, D. J. Drucker et al., Cardioprotective and vasodilatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor are mediated through both glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-dependent and -independent pathways, Circulation, vol.117, issue.18, pp.2340-50, 2008.

G. A. Williams, K. E. Callon, M. Watson, J. L. Costa, Y. Ding et al., Skeletal phenotype of the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse, J Bone Miner Res, vol.26, issue.8, pp.1698-709, 2011.

M. J. Orland and M. A. Permutt, Quantitative analysis of pancreatic proinsulin mRNA in genetically diabetic (db/db) mice, Diabetes, vol.36, issue.3, pp.341-348, 1987.

K. N. Ealey, D. Fonseca, M. C. Archer, and W. E. Ward, Bone abnormalities in adolescent leptin-deficient mice, Regul Pept, vol.136, issue.1-3, pp.9-13, 2006.

S. A. Mansur, A. Mieczkowska, P. R. Flatt, B. Bouvard, D. Chappard et al., A new stable GIP-oxyntomodulin hybrid peptide improved bone strength both at the organ and tissue levels in genetically-inherited type 2 diabetes mellitus, Bone, vol.87, pp.102-115, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392261

S. Vijan, In the clinic. Type 2 diabetes, Ann Intern Med, issue.5, pp.31-46, 2010.

B. Roche, A. Vanden-bossche, N. M. Malaval, L. Vico, L. Lafage-proust et al., Validated laser Doppler protocol for measurement of mouse bone blood perfusion-response to age or ovariectomy differs with genetic background, Bone, vol.55, issue.2, pp.418-444, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ujm-00962139

M. L. Bouxsein, S. K. Boyd, B. A. Christiansen, R. E. Guldberg, K. J. Jepsen et al., Guidelines for assessment of bone microstructure in rodents using micro-computed tomography, J Bone Miner Res, issue.7, pp.1468-86, 2010.

D. W. Dempster, J. E. Compston, M. K. Drezner, F. H. Glorieux, J. A. Kanis et al., Standardized nomenclature, symbols, and units for bone histomorphometry: a 2012 update of the report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee, J Bone Miner Res, vol.28, issue.1, pp.2-17, 2013.

G. Mabilleau, A. Mieczkowska, N. Irwin, Y. Simon, M. Audran et al., Beneficial effects of a N-terminally modified GIP agonist on tissue-level bone material properties, Bone, vol.63, pp.61-69, 2014.

E. P. Paschalis, E. Dicarlo, F. Betts, P. Sherman, R. Mendelsohn et al., FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of human osteonal bone, Calcif Tissue Int, vol.59, issue.6, pp.480-487, 1996.

I. R. Orriss, S. E. Taylor, and T. R. Arnett, Rat osteoblast cultures, Methods Mol Biol, vol.816, pp.31-41, 2012.

A. Odgaard, Three-dimensional methods for quantification of cancellous bone architecture, Bone, vol.20, issue.4, pp.315-343, 1997.

J. M. Friedman and J. L. Halaas, Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals, Nature, vol.395, issue.6704, pp.763-70, 1998.

R. H. Eckel, S. E. Kahn, E. Ferrannini, A. B. Goldfine, D. M. Nathan et al., Obesity and type 2 diabetes: what can be unified and what needs to be individualized? Diabetes Care, vol.34, pp.1424-1454, 2011.

B. S. Hamilton, D. Paglia, A. Y. Kwan, and M. Deitel, Increased obese mRNA expression in omental fat cells from massively obese humans, Nat Med, vol.1, issue.9, pp.953-959, 1995.

H. Chen, O. Charlat, L. A. Tartaglia, E. A. Woolf, X. Weng et al., Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice, Cell, vol.84, issue.3, pp.81294-81299, 1996.

L. A. Tartaglia, M. Dembski, X. Weng, N. Deng, J. Culpepper et al., Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell, vol.83, issue.7, pp.1263-71, 1995.

D. L. Coleman, Obese and diabetes: two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice, Diabetologia, vol.14, issue.3, pp.141-149, 1978.

P. R. Flatt, C. J. Bailey, P. Kwasowski, S. K. Swanston-flatt, and V. Marks, Abnormalities of GIP in spontaneous syndromes of obesity and diabetes in mice, Diabetes, vol.32, issue.5, pp.433-438, 1983.

E. L. Scheller, J. Song, M. I. Dishowitz, F. N. Soki, K. D. Hankenson et al., Leptin functions peripherally to regulate differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells, Stem Cells, issue.6, pp.1071-80, 2010.

J. Upadhyay, O. M. Farr, and C. S. Mantzoros, The role of leptin in regulating bone metabolism, Metabolism, vol.64, issue.1, pp.105-118, 2015.

S. Brunton and J. A. Davidson, Exenatide once weekly: a review of pharmacology and treatment considerations in type 2 diabetes, Clin Ther, vol.38, issue.3, pp.582-94, 2016.

L. Van-bloemendaal, R. G. Ij, T. Kulve, J. S. Barkhof, F. Konrad et al., GLP-1 receptor activation modulates appetite-and reward-related brain areas in humans, Diabetes, vol.63, issue.12, pp.4186-96, 2014.

T. Roszer, T. Jozsa, E. D. Kiss-toth, D. Clerck, N. Balogh et al., Leptin receptor deficient diabetic (db/db) mice are compromised in postnatal bone regeneration, Cell Tissue Res, vol.356, issue.1, pp.195-206, 2014.

H. M. Lee, B. S. Joo, C. H. Lee, H. Y. Kim, J. H. Ock et al., Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into osteoblasts and adipocytes, J Menopausal Med, vol.21, issue.2, pp.93-103, 2015.

E. Balint, P. Szabo, C. F. Marshall, and S. M. Sprague, Glucose-induced inhibition of in vitro bone mineralization, Bone, vol.28, issue.1, pp.426-435, 2001.

M. Pereira, S. Gohin, N. Lund, A. Hvid, P. J. Smitham et al., Sclerostin does not play a major role in the pathogenesis of skeletal complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Osteoporos Int, vol.28, issue.1, pp.309-329, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01567142

X. Wu, S. Li, P. Xue, and Y. Li, Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, facilitates osteogenic proliferation and differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2, and cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways involving beta-catenin, Exp Cell Res, vol.360, issue.2, pp.281-91, 2017.

Y. Feng, L. Su, X. Zhong, W. Guohong, H. Xiao et al., Exendin-4 promotes proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts by MAPKs activation, J Mol Endocrinol, vol.56, issue.3, pp.189-99, 2016.

B. Nuche-berenguer, S. Portal-nunez, P. Moreno, N. Gonzalez, A. Acitores et al., Presence of a functional receptor for GLP-1 in osteoblastic cells, independent of the cAMP-linked GLP-1 receptor, J Cell Physiol, vol.225, issue.2, pp.585-92, 2010.

X. K. Hu, X. H. Yin, H. Q. Zhang, C. F. Guo, and M. X. Tang, Liraglutide attenuates the osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3E1 cells by modulating AMPK/mTOR signaling, Mol Med Rep, vol.14, issue.4, pp.3662-3670, 2016.

E. Aoyama, I. Watari, K. A. Podyma-inoue, M. Yanagishita, and T. Ono, Expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor is regulated by the glucose concentration in mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, Int J Mol Med, vol.34, issue.2, pp.475-82, 2014.

F. Andreozzi, G. A. Raciti, C. Nigro, G. C. Mannino, T. Procopio et al., The GLP-1 receptor agonists exenatide and liraglutide activate glucose transport by an AMPK-dependent mechanism, J Transl Med, vol.14, issue.1, p.229, 2016.

J. A. Beckman, M. A. Creager, and P. Libby, Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management, JAMA, vol.287, pp.2570-81, 2002.

H. Anetzberger, E. Thein, M. Becker, B. Zwissler, and K. Messmer, Microspheres accurately predict regional bone blood flow, Clin Orthop Relat Res, vol.424, pp.253-65, 2004.

R. C. Shymkiw, R. F. Zernicke, K. R. Forrester, and R. C. Bray, Evaluation of laser-Doppler perfusion imaging for measurement of blood flow in cortical bone, J Appl Physiol, vol.90, issue.4, pp.1314-1322, 2001.

J. N. Stabley, R. D. Prisby, B. J. Behnke, and M. D. Delp, Type 2 diabetes alters bone and marrow blood flow and vascular control mechanisms in the ZDF rat, J Endocrinol, vol.225, issue.1, pp.47-58, 2015.

T. Nystrom, A. T. Gonon, A. Sjoholm, and J. Pernow, Glucagon-like peptide-1 relaxes rat conduit arteries via an endothelium-independent mechanism, Regul Pept, vol.125, issue.1-3, pp.173-180, 2005.

E. Selley, S. Kun, I. A. Szijarto, B. Laczy, T. Kovacs et al., Exenatide induces aortic vasodilation increasing hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide and nitric oxide production, Cardiovasc Diabetol, vol.13, p.69, 2014.

M. M. Smits, M. H. Muskiet, L. Tonneijck, M. H. Kramer, M. Diamant et al., GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide increases capillary perfusion independent of nitric oxide in healthy overweight men, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, vol.35, issue.6, pp.1538-1581, 2015.

R. Prisby, A. Guignandon, A. Vanden-bossche, F. Mac-way, M. T. Linossier et al., Intermittent PTH(1-84) is osteoanabolic but not osteoangiogenic and relocates bone marrow blood vessels closer to bone-forming sites, J Bone Miner Res, vol.26, issue.11, pp.2583-96, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01825245

J. F. Griffith, D. K. Yeung, P. H. Tsang, K. C. Choi, T. C. Kwok et al., Compromised bone marrow perfusion in osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Res, vol.23, issue.7, pp.1068-75, 2008.

R. Anichini, S. Cosimi, D. Carlo, A. Orsini, P. et al., Gender difference in response predictors after 1-year exenatide therapy twice daily in type 2 diabetic patients: a real world experience, Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, vol.6, pp.123-132, 2013.

J. E. Richard, R. H. Anderberg, L. Lopez-ferreras, K. Olandersson, and K. P. Skibicka, Sex and estrogens alter the action of glucagon-like peptide-1 on reward, Biol Sex Differ, vol.7, p.6, 2016.